Cronotipo y su relación con el estrés percibido en estudiantes de medicina / Chronotype and its relationship with perceived stress in medical students

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar el cronotipo y su relación con el nivel de estrés percibido en estudiantes de medicina de una Universidad Pública de México. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal, que incluyó 332 universitarios. Se aplicaron el cuestionario de matutinidad-vespertinidad (MEQ) y la escala de estrés percibido (PSS-14). Se emplearon las pruebas no paramétricas de Kruskal-Wallis para establecer diferencias estadísticas entre cronotipos y el coeficiente de Spearman para establecer la correlación entre puntajes de escalas. Se consideró un nivel de significancia estadística de p<0.05. Resultados: Para el total de la muestra, la mediana del puntaje del MEQ fue 52. El cronotipo tuvo la siguiente distribución: 21.1% matutino; 72.3% intermedio; 6.6% vespertino. La mediana del puntaje de la PSS-14 fue 28. El puntaje del nivel de estrés percibido en mujeres fue mayor al de los hombres (29 vs 24.5; p=0.000). En cada cronotipo la mediana del puntaje de la PSS-14 fue mayor en mujeres que en hombres, aunque sólo se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre vespertinos (p=0.000). El resultado del coeficiente de correlación de Spearman mostró una relación significativa entre el cronotipo y el puntaje de estrés percibido (rho= -0.143; p=0.009). Conclusión: El cronotipo vespertino está relacionado con un mayor puntaje de estrés percibido, particularmente en mujeres quienes tuvieron la puntuación más alta en cada cronotipo.

Abstract Objective: To assess chronotype and its relationship with the perceived stress level in medical students from a public university in Mexico. Material and methods: Cross-sectional study that included 332 college students. Morningness-eveningness questionnaire (MEQ) and perceived stress scale (PSS-14) were applied. Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used to establish statistical differences between chronotypes and the Spearman correlation coefficient was used to establish a correlation between MEQ and PSS-14 scores. The p-value equal to or less than 0.05 corresponded to the statistically significant result (p<0.05). Results: For the entire sample, the median of the MEQ score was 52. The distribution of chronotypes was as follows: 21.1% morning chronotype; 72.3% intermediate chronotype; 6.6% evening chronotype. The PSS-14 median score was 28. PSS-14 score in women was higher than in men (29 vs 24.5; p= 0.000). The median of the PSS-14 score in each chronotype group was higher in women than in men; nevertheless, a statistically significant difference between them was only found in evening chronotype (p= 0.000). The result of Spearman's correlation coefficient showed significant relationship between chronotype and perceived stress score (rho= -0.143; p=0.009). Conclusion: Evening chronotype is associated with a higher PSS-14 score, particularly in women, who had the highest score in each chronotype.

The influence of duration of intra-abdominal hypertension on the prognosis of critically ill patients / 中华急诊医学杂志

Background:In the clinical setting, the effect of intra-abdominal hypertension on the human body is dependent on time, but its role is not yet clear.Objective:To investigate the effect of the duration of intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) on the prognosis of critically ill patients.Methods:This prospective cohort study enrolled 256 IAH patients who were admitted to the Surgical ICU of 10 Grade A hospitals in Fujian Province from January 2018 to December 2020. The duration of IAH (DIAH) was obtained after monitoring IAP, and ICU length of stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, duration of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) and average daily energy intake from enteral nutrition during ICU stay were observed and recorded. The correlation was analyzed by Spearman rank correlation. The patients were divided into the survival group and the death group according to their survival state at 60 days after enrollment. Thereafter, clinical characteristics between the two groups were compared. Multivariable logistic regression was used to study and validate the relationship between DIAH and 60-day mortality. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was established to evaluate the predictive abilities of DIAH on the mortality risk.Results:In critically ill patients, DIAH was positively correlated with duration of mechanical ventilation ( r=0.679, P<0.001), duration of CRRT ( r=0.541, P<0.001) and ICU length of stay ( r=0.794, P<0.001), respectively. In addition, there was a negative correlation between DIAH and average daily energy intake from enteral nutrition ( r=-0.669, P<0.001). After multivariable adjustment, DIAH was an independent risk factor for 60-day mortality in critically patients with IAH ( OR=1.05, 95% CI: 1.01-1.12; P = 0.012), and exhibited a linearity change trend relationship with mortality risk. The ROC curve analysis of DIAH showed that the area under ROC curve (AUC) was 0.825 (95% CI: 0.763~0.886, P<0.01). When the cut-off value was 16.5 days, the sensitivity was 78.4% and the specificity was 75.4%. Conclusions:DIAH is an important risk factor for prognosis in critically ill patients. Early identification and rapid intervention for the etiology of IAH should be performed to shorten DIAH.

Genetic evaluation models for resistance to ticks in a crossbred Angus-Nellore population / Modelos de avaliação genética para resistência a carrapatos em uma população mestiça de Angus-Nelore

ABSTRACT: This research identified the animal model that best describes the genetic and residual variations for tick counts in yearlings from a crossbred Angus-Nellore population of 6,951 animals that are progenies of 382 bulls and 6,198 cows. Genetic values were predicted by the Bayesian inference methodology. The models tested were: Traditional Animal, and Crossbred Animal with and without segregation, considering residual homoscedastic and heteroscedastic variances. The criteria of choice were the number of parameters, deviance information, and predictive order, which indicated the best fitfor the Traditional Animal model and Crossbred Animal model (with segregation), both with residual heteroscedastic Gaussian variance. The mean values of fixed genetic effects were positive and similar in the both models, indicating that animals with higher proportion of the Angus breed had greater infestation, and the Nellore breed was an important addition for resistance to ticks. The estimated genetic variation by the heteroscedastic Gaussian Animal model for the Nellore breed was 4.54-fold higher than that estimated for the Angus breed. The estimates of heritability of the different genetic groups ranged from 0.12 to 0.15 and from 0.01 to 0.35, respectively, for the Traditional Animal model and for the heteroscedastic Gaussian crossbred model. The Spearman's rank-order correlation for the predicted genetic values was 0.94, considering all sires. However, when considering the top 10%, 20%, and 30% sires, differences in ranking were more evident (0.28 to 0.67). The Crossbred Animal model with segregation and heterogeneous residual variances was the most appropriate for genetic evaluation of tick counts on animals from Angus-Nellore crossings.

RESUMO: O objetivo neste trabalho foi identificar o modelo animal que melhor descreve a variação genética e residual para a característica contagem de carrapatos ao sobreano, em uma população multirracial Angus-Nelore constituída por 6.951 animais, filhos de 382 touros e 6.198 vacas. Os valores genéticos foram preditos a partir da metodologia de inferência Bayesiana utilizando os seguintes modelos: Animal Tradicional, Animal Multirracial sem e com segregação, considerando as variâncias residuais homo ou heterocedástica. Os critérios de escolha foram o Número de Parâmetros, a Informação de Deviance e a Ordenada Preditiva, os quais apontaram os Modelos Animal Tradicional e o Multirracial com Segregação, ambos com variância residual Gaussiana heterocedástica, como os de melhor ajuste. Os valores médios dos efeitos genéticos fixos foram positivos e similares nos dois modelos, sugerindo que os animais com maior proporção da raça Angus sofreram maior infestação e atribuindo-se, portanto, a raça Nelore importante papel na resistência ao carrapato. Verificou-se que a variância genética estimada pelo Modelo Animal Gaussiano heterocedástico para a raça Nelore foi 4,54 vezes maior do que a estimada para a raça Angus. As estimativas de herdabilidade nos diferentes grupos genéticos variaram de 0,12 a 0,15 e de 0,01 a 0,35, respectivamente, no Modelo Animal Tradicional e no Multirracial Gaussiano heterocedástico. A correlação de ordenamento de Spearman entre os valores genéticos preditos, considerando todos os reprodutores da população, foi 0,94. Contudo, ao considerar os melhores touros, TOP 10%, 20% e 30%, as diferenças com relação ao ordenamento foram mais evidentes (0,28 a 0,67). O modelo Animal Multirracial com Segregação com variâncias residuais heterogêneas foi o mais apropriado para avaliação genética da característica Contagem de Carrapatos de animais produtos do cruzamento Angus-Nelore.

Evaluación de la calidad del agua de un río tropical usando índices bióticos, fisicoquímicos y de diversidad / Water quality assessment of a tropical stream using biotic, physicochemical and diversity indices

Introducción: Los ríos andinos en Colombia están fuertemente influenciados por diferentes actividades antrópicas. Los macroinvertebrados han sido utilizados para evaluar la calidad del agua en estos ecosistemas. Objetivo: Este estudio analizó el comportamiento de diferentes índices basados en macroinvertebrados para evaluar la calidad del agua del tramo medio-bajo del río Jordán en Jamundí (Colombia). Materiales y métodos: Se ubicaron tres estaciones de muestreo: E1 (1173 m.s.n.m.), E2 (1069 m.s.n.m.) y E3 (1019 m.s.n.m.). Se colectaron individuos en grava, bolos y macrófitas (n=15) y se midieron las concentraciones de variables fisicoquímicas y microbiológicas (n=15). Se evaluaron los índices de calidad de agua ICA-NSF y bióticos (BMWP/Univalle, ASPT y EPT) y los índices de Shannon-Weaver, Margalef y Simpson. Se realizó una correlación de Spearman entre las matrices de similitud biótica y ambiental. Resultados: El ICA-NSF presentó variaciones espacio temporales no significativas entre las estaciones de muestreo, con calidades de agua entre "regular" y "excelente". Los índices de diversidad mostraron que la equidad y riqueza son mayores en la estación E1. El BMWP/Univalle evidenció la influencia de las diferentes actividades sobre la subcuenca del río Jordán, clasificando la estación E1 como "Buena", E2 "Aceptable" y E3 "Dudosa". Las variables que mejor explicaron el patrón de diversidad fueron las asociadas a la contaminación orgánica (DBO5 y Coliformes totales). Conclusiones: Integralmente, los índices muestran que la mejor calidad del agua se presenta en la estación E1 donde la influencia de las actividades antrópicas es menor.

Introduction: Andean rivers in Colombia are heavily influenced along the drainage basin by various human activities. Aquatic macroinvertebrates have been used in different water environments to assess water quality in rivers. Objective: This study analyzed the behavior of different biotic indices to assess water quality of the lower middle section of the Jordan River in the department of Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Materials and methods: Sampling sites were situated at different altitudes as well with different anthropogenic influences. Physicochemical and microbiological parameters (n = 15) were measured, simultaneously with biological variables. Individuals were collected in gravel, pebbles and macrophytes (n = 15) using Surber nets (0.36 m2, 500 µm) a screen net (1.6 m2, 350 µm) and a D-net (0.9 m2, 500 µm). The water quality index (NSF ICA), biotic indices BMWP/Univalle, ASPT, EPT, and the Shannon-Weaver Equity index, Margalef Diversity index and Simpson's dominance index were evaluated to determine the macroinvertebrate assemblage through sampling sites. Spearman correlation between matrices of biotic and environmental similarity, using PRIMER® software was used to determine relationship between physicochemical variables and biodiversity. Results: The water quality index ICA-NSF showed spatio-temporal variations with water qualities between "regular" and "excellent". Diversity indices showed that equity and wealth are greater at site E1, where the influence of pollution is low. Biotic indices behaved variably, BMWP/Univalle index reflected more adequately the influence of human activities of the Jordan River sub-basin. Conclusions: The variables that best explained the pattern of diversity were those associated with organic pollution (BOD5 and total coliforms).

Correlation of Vitamin D Status with Glycaemic Status of Individuals- A Cross Sectional Study in a Rural Tertiary Care Hospital of North Bengal, India

Recent pandemic of vitamin D deficiency is co-existing with type II diabetes mellitus pandemic. Even in India, vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency is common among individuals with pre-diabetes. If correlation can be established between these two and risk of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or diabetes can be predicted based on serum vitamin D status, much early detection of pre-diabetes or diabetes will be possible and preventive measures can be taken. Not too many studies have been done in this context, especially in North Bengal region of West Bengal, India. We wanted to evaluate the correlation between vitamin D status and glycaemic status of individual and predict the risk of impaired glucose tolerance depending on vitamin D, independent of other factors.METHODSAfter ethical clearance and informed consent, 430 study subjects were interviewed, examined, blood sample collected and tested. Data was entered in Microsoft Excel 2007 and analysed using appropriate software. Correlation and multinomial regression analysis were done.RESULTSMean ± SD of serum 25(OH) D level is found to be 21.53±7.06 ng/ml among a total of 430 study participants. 41.86% of participants were found to be with insufficient vitamin D status. Pearson’s correlation between serum 25(OH) D level and post prandial blood sugar is found to be strongly negative while Spearman’s correlation between vitamin D status and post prandial glycaemic status of individuals is found to be strongly positive. If vitamin D status changes from “Sufficient” to “Insufficient” or “Deficient”, risk of IGT increases by 17 times and 16.3 times respectively.CONCLUSIONSStrong positive correlation exists between vitamin D status and glycaemic status of individuals. Estimation of 25(OH) D level may be used as a screening test for detection of risk of IGT.

Assessment of Livestock Production Technologies and Package of Practices through Multivariate Typology: A Case of Maharashtra, India

The study was carried out in four different agro-climatic zones of Maharashtra. A typology was developed applying multivariate statistical techniques i.e. Cluster analysis (CA) to classify groups of farm households with similar farm characteristics into four homogenous clusters, (i) households possessing small landholding, a larger high yielding dairy stock with small goat flock size (37.5%), (ii) households having small landholding with a small stock of high yielding dairy animal and small goat flock size (39%), (iii) households having large landholding with large high yielding dairy stock and small flock size (13.5%) and (iv) households possessing small landholding with small high yielding dairy stock and large flock size (10%). An assessment in terms of awareness, knowledge and adoption of dairy technologies and goat production practices were carried out across the clusters which was found significantly high within the household of cluster 3 and 4. The overall adoption index was found to be 65.16 per cent across the whole clusters. Multiple regression analysis revealed that total SAU, flock size, occupation, innovative proneness, scientific orientation, awareness of technology and knowledge of technology contribute positively (P<0.01, P<0.05) to the adoption of technology. The coefficient of determination was found (R2 =0.66) across the whole clusters

Identification of key process parameters of Chinese materia medica production process based on grey relation analysis / 中草药

Objective: To identify the key process parameters of the Chinese materia medica (CMM) production process by using grey relation analysis (GRA) method. Methods: Taking Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and Artemisiae Annuae Herba extraction section of Reduning Injection as an example, GRA was adopted to calculate and compare the influence of the process parameters on the quality index. Meanwhile, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) combined with Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to validate mutually. Results: According to GRA Results:, the relative importance of process parameters was ranked as follows: average volume flow rate of extraction (X4) > pH after acid adjustment (X2) > the paste temperature of extracting concentration (X7) > alcohol precipitation concentrated extract weight (X1) > hydrochloric acid weight (X3) > extraction time (X6) > relative standard deviation of flow rate (X5). The correlation coefficient between the order by GRA and that by AHP was 0.893. According to the importance of process parameters, the average volume flow rate of extraction, the pH after acid adjustment, and the paste temperature of extracting concentration were identified as the key process parameters. Conclusion: The Results: obtained in this study show the feasibility of GRA in selecting key process parameters, which can provide theoretical reference for the establishment of prediction model as well as online feedback regulation.

Comparación del ordenamiento de predicciones BLUP y la respuesta a la selección en conejos cuando el efecto año-estación se considera fijo o aleatorio / Comparison of the BLUP prediction order and the response to selection in rabbits when the effect yearseason is considered to be either fixed or random

En lineas de conejos reproductivamente cerradas, criadas con generaciones discretas, existe una fuerte asociacion entre el año-estacion (AE) y los niveles de consanguinidad (F). Estudios realizados anteriormente mostraron que, cuando AE y F son considerados como efectos fijos en un modelo, la heredabilidad y la tendencia genetica se sobreestiman. El objetivo del trabajo fue investigar las consecuencias de considerar AE como fijo (M1) o aleatorio (M2) sobre la seleccion de animales. Se utilizaron 15671 registros correspondientes al numero de destetados de la linea A, del Departamento de Ciencia Animal de la Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, España. Los modelos fueron comparados en base a: los ordenamientos de los valores geneticos aditivos estimados en cada generacion y la respuesta esperada a la seleccion. Se plantearon seis escenarios segun intensidades de seleccion. En cada uno se estimo la correlacion de Spearman y se calculo el porcentaje de discordancia (D) entre los animales elegidos por M2 y no por M1. La respuesta a la seleccion para los animales escogidos por M1 o M2, fue estimada como la pendiente de la recta de regresion entre las medias de los valores geneticos predichos por M2 a traves de las generaciones. A medida que disminuyo la presion de seleccion, aumentaron las correlaciones de Spearman, disminuyendo los D. Aunque, a nivel generacion ambos estimadores no mantuvieron siempre la misma relacion. Las respuestas a la seleccion estimadas fueron similares para los animales seleccionados por M1 o M2, con lo cual no se esperan diferencias entre ambos modelos respecto a la seleccion.

In close reproductive lines of rabbits reared in discrete generations, there is a strong association between the year-season (AE) and the levels of consanguinity (F). Previous studies have shown that when AE and F were considered as fixed effects in a model, the heritability and the genetic tendency were overestimated. The objective of this work was to investigate the consequences of considering AE as either a fixed (M1) or random (M2) effect on the selection of animals. A total of 15,671 records corresponding to the number of rabbits weaned in line A, from the Department of Animal Science of the Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain, were used. The comparison of models was based on the rankings of the estimated additive genetic values in each generation and the expected response to the selection. Six scenarios were proposed, varying in selection intensities. In each one, the Spearman correlation was estimated and the percentage of discordance (D) between the animals chosen for M2 but not for M1 was calculated. The response to selection for the animals chosen by either M1 or M2, was estimated as the slope of the regression line between the means of the genetic values predicted by M2 through generations. As the selection pressure decreased, the Spearman correlations increased, decreasing the D. However, at the generation level, both estimators did not always maintain that relationship. The estimated responses to selection were similar when the selection was based on estimated breeding values obtained by using either M1 or M2. Therefore, no differences are expected between both models with respect to selection.

Factors influencing patellar instability in adults with Kaschin-Beck disease and their correlation / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Objective To study the correlation of patellar stability with age ,knee Kellgren-Lawrence grading and patellar Wiberg typing of adults with Kaschin-Beck disease (KBD) .Methods Through cross-sectional study , we asked 143 adult patients with KBD from several villages in Gansu Province to receive digital radiographic x-ray (DR) which included lateral slice of knee joint and axis slice of patellar .Meanwhile ,each patient had to undergo patellar stability measurement on the DR film which included some indexes such as Insall index , lateral patellofemoral angle ,sulcus angle ,congruence angle ,lateral migrating ratio of patella ,and patellofemoral index . Then ,all the participants were divided into four groups based on the patella Wiberg typing and three groups based on KBD clinical grading .Last ,we analyzed the correlation of patellar stability with patellar Wiberg typing ,clinical KBD grading ,and Kellgren-Lawrence grading of the patients by Spearman test .Results ① By ANOVA test on the patella Wiberg typing ,lateral patellofemoral angle decreased with increased level of patella Wiberg typing ,but congruence angle ,lateral migrating ratio of patella ,and patellofemoral index were increased with increased level of patella Wiberg typing . P values of the six indexes were all <0 .05 ,which indicated that these differences between groups were significant .By ANOVA test on the KBD clinical grading ,lateral patellofemoral angle decreased with increased level of KBD clinical grading ,but congruence angle ,lateral migrating ratio of patella ,sulcus angle ,and patellofemoral index increased with increased level of KBD clinical grading .Besides that P value of Insall index was>0 .05 , P value of the other five indexes were all <0 .05 ,which indicated these differences between groups were significant .② Spearman test :a strong correlation lay between Wiberg patellar typing and other indexes including age ,lateral patellofemoral angle ,congruence angle ,lateral migrating ratio of patella ,and patellofemoral index ( R=0 .684 ,0 .752 ,0 .582 ,0 .533 ,0 .735 , P< 0 .05) .However ,there was no correlation between Wiberg patellar typing and K-L photographical grading (R=0 .030 ,P>0 .05) .K-L grading was strongly correlated with age (R=0 .782 , P< 0 .05 ) , weakly correlated with lateral migrating ratio of patella ( R = 0 .104 , P> 0 .05 ) , but not correlated with the others ( R < 0 .1 , P> 0 .05 ) . Age was strongly correlated with K-L grading and lateral patellofemoral angle (R=0 .782 ,0 .506 ,P<0 .05) ,moderately correlated with congruence angle ,lateral migrating ratio of patella ,and patellofemoral index (R=0 .403 ,0 .361 ,0 .475 , P< 0 .05) ,but not correlated with Wiberg typing ,sulcus angle ,or Insall index ( R=0 .024 ,0 .074 ,0 .053 , P>0 .05) .Conclusion Patellar Wiberg typing is the key factor which influences latellar stability ;age has a limited influence ,while K-L grading does not affect patellar stability .

Evaluating Full Cup Study, Numeric Pain Rating Scale, and Visual Analogue Scale in Assessing Pain after Surgical Removal of Lower Third Molar

@#The objectives of this study is to evaluate the suitability of full cup test (FCT), numeric pain rating scale (NPRS), and visual analogue scale (VAS) to assess pain after surgical removal of lower third molar and to identify which of these three pain scales is the easiest to use. A total of 50 patients, age between 18 to 30 years who underwent minor oral surgery for removal of impacted third molar were sampled in Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya. The patients were provided with forms containing three pain scales and they were required to mark each pain scales – FCT, NPRS and VAS daily for three consecutive post-operative days. The forms were collected a week later when patients came back for review. The validity between NPRS with VAS, FCT with NPRS and FCT with VAS were tested using Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Results showed that the correlation coefficient values for each pair were very high and significant. The findings when comparing Day 1, Day 2 and Day 3 and the combination for those three days showed no significant differences. No evidences indicated that the findings for Day 1 were more superior in comparison with other days. In conclusion, FCT was as valid as NPRS and VAS. The pain scale which was claimed to be the easiest to use by patients was NPRS, followed by FCT and VAS. However, further studies are needed to investigate the reliability and sensitivity of FCT.

Orientación a la Dominancia Social y Actitud hacia las Personas con Discapacidad en Estudiantes de Educación Superior

Considerando el desafío de avanzar en la integración social de personas con discapacidad, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo establecer la relación entre la orientación a la dominancia social (ODS) y la actitud hacia personas con discapacidad (APD) en estudiantes de educación superior. La muestra se compone por 125 estudiantes, seleccionados a través un muestreo aleatorio simple a quienes se les aplicó las escalas SDO (versión adaptada a Chile), y de Actitud frente a las personas en situación de discapacidad, y así buscar una posible relación entre las variables. Los resultados demuestran que existe una correlación negativa y significativa entre las variables estudiadas.

Considering the challenge of advancing the social integration of people with disabilities. The present research aims to establish the relationship between Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) and Attitudes towards people in a situation of disability (APD) in higher education students. The sample is composed by 125 higher education students, selected through a simple random sampling those that were applied the scales SDO (versión adapted to Chile) and Attitudes towards people in a situation of disability and this way to look for a possible relation between the variables. The results show that there is a negative and significant correlation between the variables studied.

Prevalence And Factors Associated With Phobias Among Women

Objective: The present study is carried out to explore the factors associated with phobia, to compare the severity of phobias between cases (mentally ill women) and controls (never mentally ill) and to identify the factors predicting different types of phobias. Methods: A cross sectional study among female cases and controls is conducted. A sample of 150 female respondents including 30 cases and 120 controls is taken to assess the point prevalence of different types of phobias. The Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) questionnaire was used to identify social phobia on a very severe, severe, moderate, mild and no phobia scale. Pearson chi square and spearman’s rank correlation was applied to assess the associations among different factors and various types of phobias. Results: The most common phobia among the population was Agrizoophobia (93%) followed by Agoraphobia (81%) and Taphophobia (74%). Among cases, age is was associated with Agoraphobia and Acrophobia, marital status of the respondent was associated with Agoraphobia and Acrophobia, marital status of father is associated with social phobia and Aichmophobia, traumatic event was associated with Mysophobia while family income was associated with Acrophobia and Aichmophobia. Age and Agoraphobia, and marital status and Acrophobia show significant results among controls. Multiple discriminant Analysis demonstrated that among cases, age was the best predictor in predicting Agoraphobia and Acrophobia , marital status of father was the best predictor in predicting Nosocomeophobia and traumatic event was the best predictor in predicting Mysophobia. Conclusion: Severe specific phobias are more prevalent among cases while controls suffer from mild specific phobias. Age, marital status of father and traumatic event in life are significant predictors for phobias.

The analysis of correlation between serum procalcitonin concentration and microbial infections in patients with sepsis / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To investigate the diagnostic and predict vaIue of procalcitonin (PCT) in ICU patients with sepsis and the correlation between PCT concentration and positive results of bacterial culture.Methods A total of 278 patients with sepsis were admitted into emergency ICU,general ICU and respiratory ICU from October 2011 to September 2012.Of them,193 patients had definite microbial infection evidence.Serum PCT levels among groups of different pathogens were compared.The analysis of correlation between the PCT concentration of the first assay was got after admission and short-term prognosis was evaluated.The correlation between PCT level and positive results of bacterial culture was also evaluated.Results Spearman correlation analysis showed that serum PCT levels of bacterial infections in patients with sepsis were significantly higher than those of the non-bacterial infections in patients with sepsis (P =0.001).And there was a positive correlation between the PCT concentration of the first specimen after admission and 7-day in-hospital mortality in patients with sepsis due to bacterial infections (r =0.277,P =0.004).The patients with PCT levels greater than 2 ng/ml had high vulnerability to bacterial infection Conclusions The PCT concentration of the first assay after admission was positively correlated to 7-day mortality in ICU patients with sepsis due to bacterial infections.The serum PCT concentration indicated the severity of host response to the bacterial infection.And etiological evidence directly showed pathogenic factors.Both of PCT and etiological evidence related to bacterial infection,reflected different aspects of bacterial infection.

El coeficiente ee correlacion de los rangos de spearman caracterizacoon / Characteization of the spearman correlation ranks coefficient

En el ámbito de las investigaciones clínico-epidemiológicas, los profesionales de la salud asiduamente se proyectan en sus investigaciones; se definen las relaciones entre las características de un fenómeno, el grado de esa relación o probar la confiabilidad de sus observaciones, planteándose como hipótesis si estas son o no la causa de una determinada entidad. En la práctica, generalmente, acontece que el investigador entre las disímiles pruebas estadísticas de las que dispone, no selecciona adecuadamente la que con mayor cientificidad le aportará una lectura fácil de dicha relaciones. Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo de caracterizar el método de correlación de rangos de Spearman, utilizado para valorar la asociación entre variables cuantitativas, aplicándose el método de análisis documental .Los resultados son declarados al resumir la historia del surgimiento de la teoría de la correlación y la regresión, explicación de conceptos asociados, su presentación gráfica, los rasgos esenciales del algoritmo de solución tradicional y con asesor estadístico, así como una compilación sobre escalas de interpretación de la prueba estadística. Se proyecta que el trabajo realizado sirva de bibliografía a consultar por investigadores y estudiantes de las Ciencias Médicas.

In the environment of the investigations epidemic clinic, the professionals of the health assiduously are projected in their investigations, to define the relationships among the characteristics of a phenomenon, the grade of that relationship or to prove the dependability of their observations, thinking about as hypothesis if these they are or it doesn't cause it of a certain entity. In the practice it generally happens that the investigator among the dissimilar statistical tests of those that prepares doesn't select appropriately the one that will contribute him a reading with more exactitude, easy of these relations. Se he carries out a bibliographical revision with the objective of characterizing the method of correlation of ranges of Spearman, used to value the association among quantitative variables, being applied the method of documental analysis. The results are declared when summarizing the history of the emergence of the theory of the correlation and the regression, explanation of associate concepts, his graphic presentation, the essential features of the algorithm of traditional solution and with advisory statistical as well as a compilation on scales of interpretation of the statistical test. He/she is projected that the carried out work serves from bibliography to consult for investigators and students of the Medical sciences.

Establishment of evaluation method based on visual analogue scale for subject evaluation and comparative analysis / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Full-process management pattern is applied to the management of the research and development funds in Peking University People's Hospital,which covers the full process of a subject including the subject application,evaluation of the subject selection,mid-term evaluation and evaluation after the SUbject completion.In order to guarantee the objectivity and fairness of subject evaluation.based on visual analogue scale a new evaluation method was first established and flint used in the SUbject evaluation of the research and development funds in Peking University People's Hospital.The comparative analysis of resuits from the two evaluation methods,indicated that the evaluation method based on visual analogue scale eould be used in subject evaluation due to the same credibility of evaluation, and it Was better as compared with the traditional likea-type scale.

Software for Nutritional Assessment Using a Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire and the 24-hour Recall Method / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to develop a computer software program for nutritional assessment using a Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQFFQs) and the 24-hour Recall Method. The software for the SQFFQ was divided into input, output, and database. For dietary analyses, recipe and food databases were used. The recipe database included 25 items and the food database was divided into 18 food groups. The food database was composed of 19 general nutrient items, 33 fatty acids, and 18 amino acids. The software developed in this study can be summarized as follows: 1) input items related to the individual's ages information, lifestyle, biological values, and dietary habits; 2) individualized data in percent of the Korean RDA, the energy ratios of carbohydrates, proteins and fats, the ratio of animal to plant source intakes, and the distribution of food group intakes; 3) Statistical data on the individual's information, lifestyle, biological values, and dietary intakes including the frequency of intake of cooked foods, the amounts of food, and the number of food groups, and nutrients. In the 24-hour Recall Method, the input and output consisted of the individual's information and cooked dish intakes. The individual's report included the amounts of nutrient intake according to number of meal and days, in comparison to the Korean RDA, the energy ratio for carbohydrates, proteins and fats, the ratio of animal to plant source intakes, and the distribution of food group intakes. The statistical report presented the number of food groups and foods, and the nutrient intakes. To evaluate the validity of the SQFFQ, the Spearman Rank Order Correlation and kappa values were used. As a result, correlation coefficients comparing the 24-hour Recall Method appeared to be more than 0.5, except for vitamin B1, B2, niacin, and vitamin E. The kappa values for energy and carbohydrate intakes were both 0.7, and protein, fat, vitamin C, folate, Ca, and iron intakes ranged from 0.3 to 0.7.

The Development of PC-based Mini-Mental Status Examination

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to develop the PC-based Mini-mental Status Examination (PC-MMSE) including its protocol to improve the reliability of MMSE, to have convenience for administration, and to evaluate the test-retest reliability. METHOD: The factors of decreasing the reliability on MMSE are analyzed such as following. 1) The way of question, pronunciation, and loudness of speech can be different between the test-retest or tester-tester, 2) the learning effect can occur when the test is repeatedly administrated, and 3) the test protocol is not determined in detail. The PC-MMSE and its protocol are designed to solve this problem. PC-MMSE has been developed to have functions such as following. 1) It was made constant verbal stimulation, 2) the question contents of the same level of difficulty in changeable items were developed and some of those can be randomly selected, and 3) it was made the adminstration of test and the management on the test results, conveniently. Protocol on PC-MMSE was also developed for standardization in the administration of test. These two tests of PC-MMSE on 26 stroke patients are administrated for the evaluation of test-retest reliability. RESULTS: The test-retest Spearman's correlation coefficient of PC-MMSE is 0.967 (p<0.01). The Spearman's correlation coefficient of PC-MMSE which is related with sex, education, lesion site, and hemiplegic side is more than 0.89. CONCLUSION: The PC-MMSE and its protocol are thought to be useful for the repeated evaluation of cognitive function.